Preheat the oven to 425 degrees F/218 degrees C.
Toss cauliflower florets with olive oil, salt, and pepper. Spread out in a single layer on the baking sheet.
Roast for 20 to 25 minutes until the cauliflower is browned to your liking. Stir halfway through to promote even browning. Remove from the oven and set aside.
While the cauliflower roasts, bring a pot of generously salted water to a boil. Cook the pasta according to package directions until al dente. Before draining, reserve a cup of pasta cooking water for loosening up the sauce.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the tahini, lemon juice, garlic, parsley, salt, pepper, and red pepper flakes. It will be very stiff. Slowly pour ice cold water into the sauce in small amounts, whisking vigorously as you go, until smooth and pourable. The cold water helps stabilize the fat in the tahini so that it can trap air and get fluffy. You can also use a food processor to blend the sauce ingredients to replace the manual whisking.
Add the drained pasta, roasted cauliflower, and capers to a large bowl.
Pour the sauce over the pasta mixture. The heat from the pasta will cause it to stiffen. Add the reserved pasta water, a small amount at a time, to loosen up the sauce and allow it to stick to the pasta. Stir until the pasta is coated and the sauce is luscious and smooth.
Serve warm with a sprinkle of extra parsley if desired.
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